Vedic astrology, also known as Jyotish, has its roots in the ancient Indian scriptures called the Vedas. The Vedas, considered the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, date back to around 1500 BCE to 1200 BCE. Vedic astrology is deeply intertwined with the Vedic religious and philosophical traditions, and its origins can be traced to specific sections of the Vedas.
The Rigveda, the oldest of the four Vedas, contains hymns that refer to celestial bodies and their movements. There are verses in the Rigveda that mention the observation of the sun, moon, and stars, suggesting an early awareness of the cosmic influences on earthly events. However, the systematic development of astrological principles can be found in a later Vedic text known as the Yajurveda.
Within the Yajurveda, there is a section called the Jyotisha Vedanga, which translates to "the limb of Vedic knowledge related to astronomy." This marks the beginning of Vedic astrology as a distinct branch of study. The Jyotisha Vedanga includes information about timekeeping, calendars, and the observation of celestial phenomena, laying the foundation for the astrological principles found in later Vedic texts.
The foundational work for Vedic astrology is often attributed to the sage Parashara, who is considered one of the earliest and most influential figures in the development of Jyotish. His seminal work, the "Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra," written around the 8th century CE, serves as a comprehensive guide to Vedic astrology. In this text, Parashara outlines the principles of horoscopic astrology, including the interpretation of planetary positions at the time of an individual's birth.
Vedic astrology places significant emphasis on the concept of karma, suggesting that the positions of celestial bodies at the time of birth influence an individual's destiny and life path. The horoscope, or birth chart (kundali), is a central component of Vedic astrology, depicting the positions of the planets and their relationships with each other at the moment of an individual's birth.
Over the centuries, various other scholars and practitioners have contributed to the refinement and expansion of Vedic astrology. Commentaries on Parashara's work, as well as independent treatises, have further enriched the astrological tradition. The Navagrahas, or the nine planetary deities, are central to Vedic astrology, and each planet is associated with specific qualities and influences.
Vedic astrology has maintained its prominence in Hindu culture and continues to be practiced widely in India and beyond. It has evolved with time, adapting to cultural changes and incorporating new astrological techniques. While Vedic astrology shares some similarities with Western astrology, its unique philosophical foundations and distinct methodologies set it apart as a tradition deeply rooted in the ancient wisdom of the Vedas.